Mexican cartels amass better arsenal, mostly bought in U.S.

MEXICO CITY — As recently as a year or two ago, commandos fighting for the Mexican drug cartels often would rather flee than confront security forces.

But an influx of combat weapons — purchased at U.S. gun shops and shows or stolen from Central American munitions stockpiles — and a vast supply of ammunition now enables them to fight, and sometimes outgun, army and federal police units.

Cartel squads toss hand grenades, fire rockets and spray security forces with high-caliber gunfire. They sometimes have 10 times the ammunition of federal forces.

The arsenals give them a greater ability to threaten the state. The resulting mayhem steadily ripples northward as civilian "narco refugees" flee areas of extreme violence.

A sample of the growing firepower of Mexico's seven major drug cartels is on display at the military warehouse on the outskirts of the capital, where seized assault rifles, machine guns, high-caliber weapons and anti-tank rockets are stored.

"As you can see," Gen. Antonio Erasto Monsivais said as he led a visitor around, "they have weapons capable of high destruction. They can confront the armed forces, whereas before they used to flee."

Monsivais cradled a menacing weapon with a bulbous chamber, a South African-made multiple-grenade launcher that fires explosive rounds at rat-a-tat speed.

"It's designed to level an area," the general said, "not to hit a specific target."

The warehouse holds plenty of kitsch weapons: pistols encrusted with rubies, or assault rifles engraved with images of cobras, pumas and religious icons.

Security forces have seized tens of thousands of venerable assault rifles such as the AK-47 and its American cousin, the AR-15. U.S. and Mexican experts say 90 percent of such semi-automatic rifles are smuggled from the United States.

The vast majority of U.S. states permit sales of semi-automatic assault rifles. Only the District of Columbia and a handful of states — notably California, New Jersey and Connecticut — ban or sharply restrict sales of such weapons. There's almost no restriction on sales of ammunition.

"They take off the stock, and they cut them down. They can put them under the dashboard for quick access," said Walter M. McKay, the Canadian director of the Center for Professional Certification of Police, a Mexico City training organization.

More exotic weapons such as Barrett .50-caliber sniper rifles and a Belgian-made "cop-killer" handgun known as the FN Five-seveN, whose Teflon bullets can pierce body armor, are finding a place in criminal arsenals.

"The .50-calibers are of growing concern. The cartels are looking at them as an anti-personnel weapons. We've actually seen them mounted on the backs of pickup trucks," said William G. McMahon, the deputy assistant director of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives in charge of the Southwest border.

Drug gangs deploy the high-caliber weapons from bridges to disable vehicles in military or police convoys, firing into the engine block of the lead vehicle, then attacking the fleeing occupants with grenades and smaller-caliber assault rifles.

The powerful .50-caliber rifle is a fearful addition to the criminal arsenal.

"It fires a very big round, as big as your hand. The bullet is half an inch across," said Tom Diaz, senior analyst at the Violence Policy Center in Washington, D.C., which advocates stricter gun laws. "If you just fire it out the window, the bullet would go about four miles."

Far more common is the increasing use of hand grenades. Central America is awash in weapons from the civil wars of the 1980s and '90s, and several Mexican cartels have stockpiled grenades stolen from military depots in Guatemala and elsewhere in the region.

Grenade attacks occur several times a week in Mexico, sometimes aimed at television stations, newspaper offices or rival cartels.

Post-battle investigations show cartel gunmen routinely have 10 times the ammunition that police and soldiers are issued.

"Ammo is key for these cartels," McMahon added, noting that purchasers for the cartels can load up at U.S. gun shops. "You don't have to fill out any paperwork on ammunition. There's no background check on it."

In many U.S. states, a law-abiding resident can buy large quantities of .50-caliber sniper rifles and cheap foreign-made assault weapons. Unlike with handguns, U.S. gun dealers aren't required to report multiples sales of assault rifles to the ATF.

Drug cartels use networks of "straw buyers" — people without criminal records — to obtain weapons in U.S. gun shops, a point that's an irritant in U.S.-Mexico relations.

The cartel networks that move marijuana and narcotics into U.S. cities also are employed to stock arsenals back in Mexico.

"They just reverse the trade to get weapons and cash back south," McMahon said.