Bernanke details new agenda to fight crisis

WASHINGTON — With its benchmark lending rate effectively at zero, Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke, in a move without modern precedent, on Tuesday publicly laid out an aggressive agenda for the nation's otherwise secretive central bank and suggested he's hardly out of ammunition to fight the global financial crisis.

In a lengthy speech to the London School of Economics, Bernanke also gave explicit support to efforts by Congress and President-elect Obama to create the largest short-term economic-stimulus plan the nation's ever seen.

He cautioned, however, that any stimulus plan would be doomed if problems in the financial and credit markets aren't fixed.

Bernanke outlined steps that'll be taken this year to have the Fed purchase, as a buyer of last resort, the distressed assets that financial markets can't price or for which buyers can't be found.

The Fed last month dropped the federal funds rate — a rate that serves as the benchmark for a wide range of consumer and business lending — to a range between zero and a quarter percent. That's the lowest it's ever been.

Interest rates are a prime tool the Fed uses to stimulate or slow the economy, depending on what's needed. A rate of effectively zero gives the impression the Fed is now on the sidelines because it can't take rates any lower.

Not so, Bernanke said.

"Even if the overnight rate is close to zero, the committee should be able to influence longer-term interest rates by informing the public's expectations about the future course of monetary policy," he said.

In other words, communicating the Fed's thinking is more important than ever since expectations of future inflation — the rise in prices across the economy — influence investment decisions.

Usually tight-lipped

The Fed has long been a relatively closed institution. Transcripts of the meetings of its rate-setting Open Market Committee are classified as secret for five years.

Even the minutes of the rate-setting meetings are delayed for weeks before they're published.

So it was noteworthy that in Tuesday's speech, Bernanke was clear about his plans.

"The Federal Reserve retains powerful policy tools and will use them aggressively to help achieve this objective," Bernanke said. "Fiscal policy can stimulate economic activity, but a sustained recovery will also require a comprehensive plan to stabilize the financial system and restore normal flows of credit."

That comprehensive plan also includes sharply increasing the Fed's balance sheet, the listing of its financial obligations, which already has soared from $800 billion last August to more than $2.3 trillion currently.

"I would be surprised if it didn't go up another 50 percent," said Vincent Reinhart, a former Fed economist now at the American Enterprise Institute, a policy research group. "Wrapping your mind around this is very hard."

By expanding the Fed's balance sheet, Bernanke conceded, the Fed effectively is printing money, which history shows could sharply push up inflation.

As the financial crisis subsides, the Fed's balance sheet will shrink, Bernanke said, and the Fed "will be able to return to its traditional means of making monetary policy — namely, by setting a target for the federal funds rate."

When the Fed announced late last year it would purchase $600 billion of debt and mortgage bonds issued or backed by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, mortgage rates fell sharply.

Mortgage-finance giants Fannie and Freddie were taken over by the federal government in September.

Now, Bernanke said, the Fed wants to purchase longer-term securities issued by the Treasury Department to lower 15-year and 30-year fixed mortgage rates, boosting the housing market.

"In determining whether to proceed with such purchases, the committee will focus on their potential to improve conditions in private credit markets, such as mortgage markets," he said.

No free lunch

Implicit in that statement, however, is that interest rates may have to increase more than many Americans are accustomed to, or inflation may be higher than the Fed is comfortable with. Neither will be pleasant choices.

"We are not going to be back to normal in two years, where our problem will be controlling inflation and the budget deficit," said James Galbraith, a University of Texas economist who thinks the crisis will be prolonged and that the Fed's actions will hurt long-term growth.

"We are going to be dealing with a structural breakdown in the system that we have lived with for 50 years and we're going to be dealing with it for quite some time."