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Video-game violence, criticism growing

By NICK WADHAMS
The Associated Press

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Not to mention beat up prostitutes, run down pedestrians, bathe in the blood of your enemies and curse like a lobster-boat captain who's stubbed his toe.

The video-game industry seems to delight in pushing the envelope — and the bounds of good taste — with ever-gorier content. That has brought renewed attacks from legislators and activists who claim some titles must be kept out of kids' hands, though courts have repeatedly granted games First Amendment protections.

The opponents cite new research they say suggests strong links between violent games and aggressive behavior. They are disturbed by games' cultural ubiquity and the always-improving technology that makes virtual gore more realistic than ever.

"Pediatricians and psychologists have been warning us that violent video games are harmful to children," said Washington state Rep. Mary Lou Dickerson, D-North Seattle, who authored a law being challenged in federal court — banning the sale of some violent games to kids. "I'm optimistic that the courts will heed their warnings," she said.

Lawmakers in at least seven states proposed bills during the most recent legislative sessions that would restrict the sale of games, part of a wave that began when the 1999 Columbine High School shootings sparked an outcry over games and violence. None of the measures that passed has survived legal challenge.

The game industry says legislating ultra-violent games out of the hands of children would deal a severe blow to free speech. Game companies point to the industry-imposed ratings system that gives detailed descriptions of violence in a game and labels some titles as "mature" or "adults only."

"Does it make any rational sense to you that we're going to pass a law someplace that says we're not going to prevent minors from buying 'Passion of the Christ' or 'Kill Bill' or 'Texas Chainsaw Massacre' in a local store but you can't buy 'Resident Evil'?" asked Douglas Lowenstein, president of the Entertainment Software Association, referring to three violent movies and a popular horror-action game.

Different perceptions

The debate reflects a divide in the way people perceive games. Are games harmless, perhaps even cathartic, as many people who grew up playing them believe? Or are they teaching kids to be more aggressive and, in extreme cases, to kill?

To game opponents — many of whom admit they don't play video games — it's the latter. They point to new studies that purport to show a stronger-than-ever link between violent games and aggressive behavior.
 
"On average, there is a significant tendency for the studies to yield an increase in aggression by those who have played the violent games," said Craig Anderson, an Iowa State University professor and leading researcher on the effects of media violence.

There is also the inescapable fact that the military uses video games to train its soldiers. Author Evan Wright ponders the effects of video games on U.S. soldiers in the current Iraq war in his new book "Generation Kill." In an endorsement that "Grand Theft Auto" creator Rockstar Games would probably rather not get, he quotes one U.S. soldier as saying an ambush felt just like playing the game.

"It felt like I was living it when I seen the flames coming out of windows, the blown-up car in the street, guys crawling around shooting at us," the soldier says.

Game advocates, on the other hand, say work by researchers like Anderson is flawed, and point out that other data show no link between game violence and real-world violence.

Coming: sequels

The next 12 months could see a wave of new scrutiny of violent games because three controversial franchises are due to release sequels. They include "Doom," notorious as a favorite of the Columbine killers; "Mortal Kombat," with its calls for a player to "finish" opponents in myriad gruesome ways; and "Grand Theft Auto," which exhorted players in its latest iteration to start a Cuban-Haitian race war.

Meanwhile, we're in the midst of a gaming explosion. Deloitte & Touche predicts the worldwide number of "game compliant devices" other than PCs — mobile phones, consoles and handheld computers, for example — will see a sixfold rise by 2010, from 415 million now to 2.6 billion.

For some legislators, that's a call to arms. They want the violence in some games declared obscene.

"You can carve out some exceptions to the First Amendment when it is determined that these things we are talking about — like pornography, like alcohol, like tobacco and so on — have harmful effects to children," Leland Yee, a Democrat in the California Assembly.

Past efforts have failed, often because of challenges from the Entertainment Software Association.

A St. Louis County law that would have limited children's access to video games was rejected in the 8th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals. A bill by Yee that sought to restrict the sale of games died in committee.

Nationally, proposed legislation by Rep. Joe Baca, D-Calif., would penalize retailers who rent or sell games with violent, sexual or other "harmful" content to minors. A version was killed in 2002, but a revised draft is making its way through the House Judiciary Committee, with 43 co-sponsors.

Among games' most vocal critics is Jack Thompson, a Florida lawyer who has tried, so far without success, to make game violence an argument for acquittal of defendants in violent-crime cases in which he believed games made them do it.

"There's a culpability here that should be shared by those who are training kids to kill," Thompson said.

Thompson is part of a $246 million case filed last year that accuses Rockstar Games, Sony Entertainment and other companies of causing two teenage stepbrothers to shoot and kill one motorist and wound another in Tennessee last year. The boys, who pleaded guilty, said they were inspired by the "Grand Theft Auto" series.

Rockstar and several major publishers declined to comment on the issue.

Still, the notion that games should be restricted is accepted elsewhere. New Zealand, Brazil, Germany and several other nations have outlawed some games.

In Britain, the makers of the "Resident Evil" series were made to change the color of blood from red to green, while the creators of "Carmageddon" had to make the people you run over in your car look more like zombies than average pedestrians.

Game makers counter that parents are responsible for the games kids play — and need to understand that games aren't just for kids anymore. Some evidence also exists that kids don't particularly seek out violent games and don't have unfettered access to them.

Help from stores

The National Institute for Media and the Family, a critic of violent games, reports that 79 percent of stores it surveys prohibit selling mature-rated games to kids. Many major chains — including Wal-Mart Stores, Best Buy and Electronics Boutique of America — will have a carding policy in effect by the end of 2004, though the titles are available over the Internet.

"Grand Theft Auto: Vice City," the best-selling game of 2002, was the only mature-rated game among the top 10 for 2003, according to NPD Fungroup, at No. 6.

"Vice City" trailed the top title, "Madden NFL 2004," as well as two Pokemon games and "The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker," a Nintendo tale featuring a kid in a green outfit who travels by talking boat and pals around with an excitable fairy named Tingle.

And the most popular computer game of all time is Electronic Arts' "The Sims," in which the player is virtually incapable of committing any act of violence.

American McGee, who in 2000 made the last mature-rated game for Electronic Arts, "American McGee's Alice," said game publishers try not to get engaged in the debate over whether violent games cause violent behavior.

"They look at how hypocritical our society is when it comes to judging the content or sexuality in the media," McGee said. "And they look at how these double standards or triple standards are applied to films vs. games or music vs. games or written fiction vs. games, and it's a silly argument to get involved in."